Caption: In a paper appearing in the 18 May issue of Science magazine, M�kinen et al. claim to have measured the total amount of water ice present in a comet. As Comet LINEAR was on what may have been its maiden voyage through the inner parts of our solar system, the nucleus was blown to pieces and all of its water ice evaporated due to the heat from the Sun.
As water evaporates from a comet, it is split into its components of oxygen and hydrogen by radiation from the Sun. The hydrogen atoms "glow" in yet more radiation originating from our star, and this glow can be observed by the SWAN instrument on board SOHO.
Primarily designed to study the interaction of the solar wind with the interstellar breeze of hydrogen, the instrument dubbed Solar Wind Anisotropies scans the sky is also a unique observer of comets. Similar observations are impossible from the ground, due to the absorption in the atmosphere, glare from the Sun during daytime, and a hydrogen cloud surrounding the Earth itself.
The total amount of water vapour observed by SWAN from 25 May to 12 August 2000 is estimated at 3.3 million tonnes. Only about 1% of this was left on 6 August, when one observation by the Hubble Space Telescope of the dying comet's fragments gave an estimate of the total volume of the fragments. Combining the two numbers give a remarkably low value for the density - about 15 kilograms per cubic meters, compared with 917 kg/m3 for familiar non-porous ice. Even allowing for an equal amount of dust grains, 30 kg/m3 is far less than the 500 kg/m3 often assumed by comet scientists. For this reason, the estimated water ice content is expected to raise some controversy. Assuming a homogenous composition of the whole comet, the nucleus had a diameter of about 750 metres at the beginning of SWAN's observation series.
The passage in bold italic above illustrates just one of the giant red flags waving at astronogers. Their model, combined with observations, suggest that this comet had a density of 15kg/m3. Clearly this is idiotic, it's more than an order of magnitude different from expectations, more than an order of magnitude from the assumptions, and yet it is treated as gospel. Now astronogers will be scrambling to explain all these "puffball" comets. Clearly the "dirty snow" model is wrong. Comets flare electrically, they are rocks, not "ices" and "volatiles".
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